سیستم حفاظت کاتدی
فداشونده (گالوانیک)
در روش حفاظت کاتدی فداشونده با اتصال یک فلز فعال تر به فلزی که قرار است حفاظت شود یک پیل گالوانیک بوجود می آورند. بطوریکه واکنش اکسیداسیون در آن متمرکز شده و از خوردگی کاتد جلوگیری می شود. در این نوع از حفاظت کاتدی با توجه به ترکیبات تشکیل دهنده آند، استفاده از آنها در محیط هایی با مقاومت ویژه بالا و جریان زیاد محدودیت هایی وجود دارد.
اجزاء اصلی تشکیل دهنده سیستم حفاظت کاتدی فداشونده به شرح زیر می باشد:
1) کاتد : فلز تحت حفاظت را کاتد می گویند.
2) آند : نوع و ترکیبات آندهای فداشونده در الکترولیت های مختلف بسته به مقاومت ویژه الکترولیت، مشخصات و ترکیبات شیمیایی آن انتخاب می گردد.
3) جعبه تقسیم : جهت انجام اتصال و انشعاب های مربوطه از جعبه تقسیم ها استفاده می گردد، در برخی موارد ممکن است از جعبه تقسیم استفاده نشود.
4) کابل : برقراری مدار الکتریکی در سیستم های فداشونده توسط کابل ها انجام می پذیرد.
به طور معمول در تاسیسات دریایی (اسکله، بدنه کشتی ها و …)، فلزات در مجاورت الکترولیت آب، مخازن نگهداری آب و … از سیستم حفاظت کاتدی گالوانیک که یک سیستم حفاظت کاتدی موقت محسوب می گردد، استفاده می شود. از مزایای آندهای فداشونده می توان به هزینه پایین (بواسطه مقدار کم تجهیزات جانبی مورد نیاز)، سهولت در بخش نصب، جریان سرگردان پایین تر نسبت به سیستم تزریق جریان و … اشاره نمود. همچنین از معایب این نوع از آندها می توان از محدودیت شیفت پتانسیل کاتدی، جریان دهی محدود، عدم امکان استفاده در الکترولیت ها با مقاومت ویژه بالا و … نام برد. آندهای فداشونده با توجه به مفروضات طراحی شامل ترکیب آلیاژی، نوع، وزن و ابعاد آن در فاصله زمانی مشخصی (3 تا 5 سال بسته به شرایط سرویس کاری) تعویض می گردند. متداولترین انواع آندهای فداشونده عبارتند از: آند آلومینیوم، منیزیم و روی. نمونه ای از مراحل نصب آندهای آلومینیوم برناگداز به یک دکل که نهایتاً در آب دریای خلیج فارس شناور شده است، در ذیل مشاهده می‌شود.
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